-
1 richly
adverb ricamente; lujosamenterichly ['rɪʧli] adv1) sumptuously: suntuosamente, ricamente2) abundantly: abundantemente3)richly deserved : bien merecido'rɪtʃlia) ( opulently) <decorated/furnished> lujosamente, suntuosamenteb) ( abundantly)['rɪtʃlɪ]ADV1) (=generously) [rewarded] generosamente; [illustrated] profusamente2) (=ornately) [decorated, furnished] suntuosamente, lujosamente3) (=strongly)4) (=intensely)the work is richly rewarding — el trabajo es sumamente or enormemente gratificante
* * *['rɪtʃli]a) ( opulently) <decorated/furnished> lujosamente, suntuosamenteb) ( abundantly) -
2 Villard de Honnecourt
[br]b. c. 1200 Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, near Cambrai, Franced. mid-13th century (?) France[br]French architect-engineer.[br]Villard was one of the thirteenth-century architect-engineers who were responsible for the design and construction of the great Gothic cathedrals and other churches of the time. Their responsibilities covered all aspects of the work, including (in the spirit of the Roman architect Vitruvius) the invention and construction of mechanical devices. In their time, these men were highly esteemed and richly rewarded, although few of the inscriptions paying tribute to their achievements have survived. Villard stands out among them because a substantial part of his sketchbook has survived, in the form of thirty-three parchment sheets of drawings and notes, now kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Villard's professional career lasted roughly from 1225 to 1250. As a boy, he went to work on the building of the Cistercian monastery at Vaucelles, not far from Honnecourt, and afterwards he was apprenticed to the masons' lodge at Cambrai Cathedral, where he began copying the drawings and layouts on the tracing-house floor. All his drawings are, therefore, of the plans, elevations and sections of cathedrals. These buildings have long since been destroyed, but his drawings, perhaps among his earliest, bear witness to their architecture. He travelled widely in France and recorded features of the great works at Reims, Laon and Chartres. These include the complex system of passageways built into the fabric of a great cathedral; Villard comments that one of their purposes was "to allow circulation in case of fire".Villard was invited to Hungary and reached there c. 1235. He may have been responsible for the edifice dedicated to St Elizabeth of Hungary, canonized in 1235, at Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). Villard probably returned to France c. 1240, at least before the Tartar invasion of Hungary in 1241.His sketchbook, which dates to c. 1235, stands as a memorial to Villard's skill as a draughtsman, a student of perspective and a mechanical engineer. He took his sketchbook with him on his travels, and used ideas from it in his work abroad. It contains architectural designs, geometrical constructions for use in building, surveying exercises and drawings for various kinds of mechanical devices, for civil or military use. He was transmitting details from the highly developed French Gothic masons to the relatively underdeveloped eastern countries. The notebooks were annotated for the use of pupils and other master masons, and the notes on geometry were obviously intended for pupils. The prize examples are the pages in the book, clearly Villard's own work, related to mechanical devices. Whilst he, like many others of the period and after, played with designs for perpetual-motion machines, he concentrated on useful devices. These included the first Western representation of a perpetualmotion machine, which at least displays a concern to derive a source of energy: this was a water-powered sawmill, with automatic feed of the timber into the mill. This has been described as the first industrial automatic power-machine to involve two motions, for it not only converts the rotary motion of the water-wheel to the reciprocating motion of the saw, but incorporates a means of keeping the log pressed against the saw. His other designs included water-wheels, watermills, the Archimedean screw and other curious devices.[br]BibliographyOf several facsimile reprints with notes there are Album de Villard de Honnecourt, 1858, ed. J.B.Lassus, Paris (repr. 1968, Paris: Laget), and The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, 1959, ed. T.Bowie, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Further ReadingJ.Gimpel, 1977, "Villard de Honnecourt: architect and engineer", The Medieval Machine, London: Victor Gollancz, ch. 6, pp. 114–46.——1988, The Medieval Machine, the Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London.R.Pernord, J.Gimpel and R.Delatouche, 1986, Le Moyen age pour quoi fayre, Paris.KM / LRD
См. также в других словарях:
Germany — /jerr meuh nee/, n. a republic in central Europe: after World War II divided into four zones, British, French, U.S., and Soviet, and in 1949 into East Germany and West Germany; East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. 84,068,216; 137,852 sq.… … Universalium
Russia — /rush euh/, n. 1. Also called Russian Empire. Russian, Rossiya. a former empire in E Europe and N and W Asia: overthrown by the Russian Revolution 1917. Cap.: St. Petersburg (1703 1917). 2. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 3. See Russian… … Universalium
Peder Skram — (d. July 11, 1581), was a Danish senator and naval hero, born between 1491 and 1503, at his father s estate at Urup near Horsens in Jutland.He first saw service in the Swedish war of Christian II at the battle of Brannkyrka, 1518, and at the… … Wikipedia
Manchu people — Manchu redirects here. For other uses, see Manchu (disambiguation). Manchu (Manju, ) 滿族 满族 … Wikipedia
Clan Arthur — Crest badge … Wikipedia
Melchior de Gualbes — (also spelled Melcior) was a Catalan knight, politician, and author of three short poems. His poetry is preserved in the Cançoner Vega Aguiló, in a section badly damaged by humidity. Only the use of ultraviolet radiation has made possible full… … Wikipedia
Iraq — Following World War I, Great Britain artificially created Iraq out of the former Ottoman vilayets of Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra. This new state consisted of a numerical but politically repressed Shiite Arab majority of perhaps 60 percent of… … Historical Dictionary of the Kurds
Ireland — As a source of ready manpower and a safe but nearby base for launching invasions of England, Ireland played an important role in the WARS OF THE ROSES. Fifteenth century Ireland was divided between the English Lordship, which was centered… … Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses
The Flea (fairy tale) — The Flea is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the Pentamerone. [Giambattista Basile, The Pentamerone , [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/pentamerone/5flea1911.html The Flea ] ] ynopsisA king raised… … Wikipedia
furniture — furnitureless, adj. /ferr ni cheuhr/, n. 1. the movable articles, as tables, chairs, desks or cabinets, required for use or ornament in a house, office, or the like. 2. fittings, apparatus, or necessary accessories for something. 3. equipment for … Universalium
France — /frans, frahns/; Fr. /frddahonns/, n. 1. Anatole /ann nann tawl /, (Jacques Anatole Thibault), 1844 1924, French novelist and essayist: Nobel prize 1921. 2. a republic in W Europe. 58,470,421; 212,736 sq. mi. (550,985 sq. km). Cap.: Paris. 3.… … Universalium